- biological determinism: “hold shared behavioral norms, and the social and economic differences between human groups – primarily races, classes, and sexes – arise from inherited, inborn distractions and that society, in this sense, is an accurate reflection of biology”
- Mettle: worthiness of people
- Agassiz: naturalists should have the right to view the physical relations of men as scientific questions and nothing related to politics or religion.
- “If the status quo is an extension of nature, then any major change, if possible at all, must inflict an enormous cost- psychological for individuals, or economic for society- in forcing people into unnatural arrangements”.
- “The purely relativistic claim that scientific change only reflects the modification of social contexts, that truth is a meaningless notion outside cultural assumptions, and that science can therefor provide no enduring answers”.